Study protocol: older people in retirement villages. A survey and randomised trial of a multi-disciplinary invention designed to avoid adverse outcomes.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing interest among older people in moving into retirement villages (RVs), an attractive option for those seeking a supportive community as they age, while still maintaining independence. Currently in New Zealand there is limited knowledge of the medical, service supports, social status and needs of RV residents. The objective of this study is to explore RV facilities and services, the health and functional status of RV residents, prospectively study their healthcare trajectories and to implement a multidisciplinary team intervention to potentially decrease dependency and impact healthcare utilization. METHODS: All RVs located in two large district health boards in Auckland, New Zealand were eligible to participate. This three-year project comprised three phases: The survey phase provided a description of RVs, residents' characteristics and health and functional status. RV managers completed a survey of size, facilities and recreational and healthcare services provided in the village. Residents were surveyed to establish reasons for entry to the village and underwent a Gerontology Nurse Specialist (GNS) assessment providing details of demographics, social engagement, health and functional status. The cohort study phase examines residents' healthcare trajectories and adverse outcomes, over three years. The final phase is a randomised controlled trial of a multidisciplinary team intervention aimed to improve health outcomes for more vulnerable residents. Residents who triggered potential unmet health needs during the assessment in the survey phase were randomised to intervention or usual care groups. Multidisciplinary team meetings included the resident and support person, a geriatrician or gerontology nurse practitioner, GNS, pharmacist and General Practitioner. The primary outcome of the randomised controlled trial will be first acute hospitalization. Secondary outcomes include all acute hospitalizations, long-term care admissions, and all-cause mortality. DISCUSSION: This paper describes the study protocol of this complex study. The study aims to inform policies and practices around health care services for residents in retirement villages. The results of this trial are expected early 2020 with publication subsequently. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12616000685415 . Registered 25.5.2016. Universal Trial Number (UTN): U111-1173-6083.

Diverticular disease epidemiology: acute hospitalisations are growing fastest in young men.

BACKGROUND: Older age has long been linked to risk of diverticulitis, but the epidemiology is seldom described for a national population. The aim of this study was to investigate age- and gender differences in incidence, temporal trends, lifetime risk and prevalence related to acute diverticulitis hospitalisations in New Zealand. METHODS: Records of all hospitalisations with diverticulitis the primary diagnosis were obtained from the Ministry of Health for the period 2000-2015. The first acute diverticulitis admission recorded for an individual was taken as an incident event; all others were classified as recurrent. Trends in age- and sex-specific and age-standardised incidence rates are described, and lifetime risk and prevalence estimated. RESULTS: Over the 16 years from 2000 to 2015, 37,234 acute hospitalisations for diverticulitis were recorded in 28,329 people aged 30 + years (median = 66 years). Rates of incident hospitalisations rose with age, from 5/10,000 person-years at age 50-54 years to 19/10,000py by age 80-84 years. Rates for women were lower than men before age 55 years, but higher thereafter. Age-standardised rates rose 0.2/10,000py annually, but approximately doubled among men aged < 50 years. Lifetime risk was estimated at over 5%, with the prevalence pool rising to over 1.5% of the population aged 30+ in 2030. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid increases in diverticulitis admissions among young men since 2000 correspond with increases reported elsewhere but remain unexplained; notably young women follow similar trends 5-10 years later. Increasing incidence, combined with population ageing, adds urgency to explain diverticular formation, to understand factors that trigger or provoke their inflammation/infection, and to clarify treatment and (self-)management pathways.

Reducing emergency presentations from long-term care: A before-and-after study of a multidisciplinary team intervention.

INTRODUCTION: The complexity of care required by many older people living in long-term care (LTC) facilities poses challenges that can lead to potentially avoidable referrals to a hospital emergency department (ED). The Aged Residential Care Intervention Project (ARCHIP) ran an implementation study to evaluate a multidisciplinary team (MDT) intervention supporting LTC facility staff to decrease potentially avoidable ED presentations by residents. METHODS: ARCHIP (conducted in 21 facilities [1,296 beds] with previously noted high ED referral rates) comprised clinical coaching for LTC facility staff by a gerontology nurse specialist (GNS) and an MDT (facility senior nurse, resident's general practitioner, GNS, geriatrician, pharmacist) review of selected high-risk residents' care-plans. A before-after repeated measures analysis was conducted for 9 months before and 9 months after intervention commencement (a 29-month period because of staggered facility enrolment). Modelling was adjusted for time trend, seasonality, facility size, and cluster effect. RESULTS: ED admission rate ratio post- versus pre-intervention was 0.75 (95% C.I. 0.63, 0.89, p-value = 0.0008), a 25% reduction in ED presentations post-intervention. A sensitivity model used a shorter, staggered time period centred on intervention start (9 months pre-intervention and 9 months post-intervention) for each facility, and a four-level categorical intervention variable testing intervention effect over time. The sensitivity test showed a 24% reduction in ED presentations in months 1-3 post-intervention (p-value = 0.07), a 34% reduction in months 4-6 (p-value = 0.01), and a 32% reduction in ED presentations in months 7-9 (p-value = 0.03). However, when the higher ED referral rates for 3 months immediately pre-intervention were modelled, the impact of the intervention on ED presentation rates reverted almost to previous levels. KEY CONCLUSIONS: A GNS-led MDT outreach intervention, targeted at selected conditions, decreases avoidable ED admissions of high-risk residents from selected facilities.

Melatonin in older people with age-related sleep maintenance problems: a comparison with age matched normal sleepers.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To determine whether older people with age-related sleep maintenance problems have significantly lower melatonin levels than comparable normal sleepers. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: A largely urban population, Auckland, New Zealand. PARTICIPANTS: People over the age of 65 years, who either slept normally, or had age-related sleep maintenance problems. Participants were recruited through media advertising, and local interest groups. Initial screening was by mail (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), followed by interviews at a hospital day clinic. Exclusions included those with depression, cognitive impairment, medical and/or environmental problems which might impair sleep. INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: A metabolite of plasma melatonin, 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) was measured in the urine of 57 normal sleepers, and 53 people with age-related problems over 24 hours in three aliquots: 12:00-19:00h, 19:00-07:00h, 07:00-12:00h. There were clear differences in self reported quality of sleep but no difference in mean aMT6s 24 hour or total night excretory levels, or night/day ratios. CONCLUSIONS: Older people with age-related sleep maintenance problems do not have lower melatonin levels than older people reporting normal sleep.

Is there a temporal pattern in the occurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage in the southern hemisphere? Pooled data from 3 large, population-based incidence studies in Australasia, 1981 to 1997.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Publications on the temporal pattern of the occurrence of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have produced conflicting results. Variations between studies may relate to the relatively small numbers of SAH cases analyzed, including those in meta-analyses. METHODS: We identified all cases of SAH from 3 well-designed population-based studies in Australia (Adelaide, Hobart, and Perth) and New Zealand (Auckland) during 3 periods between 1981 and 1997. The diagnosis of SAH was confirmed with CT, cerebral angiography, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, or autopsy in all cases. Information on the time of occurrence of each event was obtained. Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs were calculated using Poisson regression, with age, sex, smoking status, and history of hypertension entered in the model as covariates. RESULTS: A total of 783 cases of SAH were registered. Age- and sex-adjusted RRs of SAH occurrence were highest in the period between 6 AM and 12 MIDNIGHT (RR 3.2, 95% CI 2.4-4.3) and in winter and spring (RR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.5; RR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.5; respectively). No particular pattern of SAH occurrence was observed according to the day of the week. Restriction of the analyses to proved aneurysmal SAH did not substantially change the point estimates. CONCLUSIONS: Circadian and circaseptan (weekly) fluctuations of SAH occurrence in the southern hemisphere are similar to those in the northern hemisphere, but the occurrence of SAH in Australasia exhibits clear seasonal (winter and spring) peaks.

Health-related quality of life among long-term survivors of stroke : results from the Auckland Stroke Study, 1991-1992.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The consequences of stroke are a major health concern. This study was conducted to compare the health-related quality of life among long-term survivors of stroke with that of the general population. METHODS: Our data are taken from a population-based case-control study of all 6-year survivors of stroke with an age- and sex-matched control population. SF-36 mean scores for cases were compared with raw and standardized control and New Zealand norm mean scores. RESULTS: Of the original 1761 registered cases, 639 were still alive at 6-year follow-up, and all of these participated in the study. Case patients were more likely than control subjects to be dependent in all basic activities of daily living. Crude mean scores were lower for women; as age increased; for those living in institutions; when the SF-36 was completed by proxy; and when help was required with the activities of daily living. Cases had statistically lower mean scores than both the control group and New Zealand norms for physical functioning and general health. After standardization for age and sex, no differences were found between cases and controls in mental health and bodily pain. CONCLUSIONS: Health-related quality of life appears to be relatively good for the majority of patients 6 years after stroke. Despite significant ongoing physical disability, survivors of stroke appear to adjust well psychologically to their illness.

Shared responsibility for ongoing rehabilitation: a new approach to home-based therapy after stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of a programme of continuing self-directed exercises for people discharged home after a stroke, supervised once a week by therapists. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial of 100 patients discharged from hospital after a stroke, requiring ongoing therapy. The control group received outpatient or day hospital therapy; the experimental group were visited once a week by an occupational and/or physiotherapist who prescribed a programme of exercises and activities for the following week. Subjects were studied for the first three months after discharge from hospital. SETTING: A district general hospital, or the homes of subjects randomized to the experimental group, in New Zealand. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: (1) Characteristics of the groups, (2) gait speed, limb function, activities of daily living, (3) time with therapists, (4) mood of both subjects and caregivers, (5) anticipation of outcome at entry, compared with perceived outcome at exit. RESULTS: No statistical differences between the control and experimental groups in characteristics, or in any outcomes measured, except that the contact time period, but not the number of visits, was longer in the experimental group (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: A supervised home-based programme is as effective as outpatient or day hospital therapy.

Early management and outcome of acute stroke in Auckland.

BACKGROUND: Studies of acute stroke management in stroke units and tertiary referral hospitals may not accurately reflect practice within the population. Reliable information on the management of stroke within a population is sparse. AIMS: To compare clinical practice in acute stroke management in Auckland with guidelines for the management and treatment of stroke in other countries; to provide a baseline measure against which future changes in management can be evaluated. METHODS: All new stroke events in Auckland residents in 12 months were traced through multiple case finding sources. For each patient, a record of investigations and treatment during the first week of hospital admission was kept. RESULTS: One thousand eight hundred and three stroke events (including subarachnoid haemorrhages) occurred in 1761 patients in one year. Twenty-seven per cent of all events were managed outside hospital and 73% of the stroke events were treated in an acute hospital. Of the 1242 stroke events admitted to an acute hospital in the first week, only 6% were managed on the neurology and neurosurgery ward, 83% were managed by a general physician or geriatrician and 42% had computed tomography (CT). Of 376 validated ischaemic strokes, 44% were treated with aspirin and 12% with intravenous heparin. Of the 690 unspecified strokes (no CT or autopsy), 38% received aspirin and 0.5% heparin. The 28 day in-hospital case fatality for all stroke events admitted to an acute hospital during the first week was 25%. CONCLUSIONS: In Auckland, management of acute stroke differed from clinical guidelines in the high proportion of patients managed in the community, the low rate of neurological consultation, and the low frequency of CT scanning. Despite these deficiencies in management, the 28 day hospital case fatality in Auckland was similar to other comparable studies which had a high proportion of cases evaluated by a neurologist and CT.

Prevalence of stroke and stroke-related disability. Estimates from the Auckland stroke studies.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To provide estimates of the prevalence of stroke and stroke-related disability for international comparisons and for planning purposes. METHODS: Estimates of prevalence were derived from two population-based studies conducted 10 years apart in Auckland, New Zealand. The first, carried out in 1981, included information on survival and stroke-related disability to 14 years after stroke, and the second, undertaken in 1991 to 1992, included this information up to 3 years after stroke. An actuarial model was developed that took into account changes in incidence, long-term survival, and population structure. RESULTS: Overall, it was estimated that 7491 people (3793 men and 3698 women) living in Auckland (total population 945,000) in 1991 had experienced a stroke at some stage in the past. This represents an age-standardized rate of 833 per 100,000 (991 per 100,000 in men and 706 per 100,000 in women) in the population aged 15 years and older. When only those who have made an incomplete recovery are considered, prevalence falls to 461 per 100,000. Of this group, one third (173 per 100,000 population 15 years and older) required assistance in at least one self-care activity. CONCLUSIONS: Usual estimates of stroke prevalence, which include all people who have ever experienced a stroke, may overestimate by almost twofold the prevalence of stroke-related disability, since many have either recovered or have no continuing dependency related to stroke. Overall prevalence does not provide information with sufficient precision for planning and purchasing ongoing services for stroke patients.

Ethnic differences in stroke incidence and case fatality in Auckland, New Zealand.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This study compares stroke incidence, 28-day case fatality, and hospital management for Maori, Pacific Islands people ("Pacific people"), and others (mostly Europeans) living in Auckland, New Zealand. METHODS: Data come from the Auckland Stroke Study, a population-based study that registered all stroke events occurring among Auckland residents aged 15 years or more during a 1-year period ending February 29, 1992. RESULTS: During the study year, 1803 stroke events were registered, including 82 (4.5%) in Maori, 113 (6.3%) in Pacific people, 1572 (87.2%) in Europeans, and 36 (2.0%) in others of Indian or Chinese origin. The mean +/- SD age of stroke patients was 55.0 +/- 16.0 years in Maori, 59.7 +/- 14.9 years in Pacific people, and 73.3 +/- 12.1 years in Europeans. Maori and Pacific people have significantly higher estimated relative risks of stroke compared with Europeans (OR, 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05 to 1.67 in Maori; and OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.33 to 1.98 in Pacific people). Maori and Pacific people also have higher estimated relative risks of death within 28 days of stroke compared with Europeans, especially men. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicates that there are important differences in stroke incidence rates and case fatality among the major ethnic groups in Auckland. The reasons for the higher incidence rates in Maori and Pacific people may be related to levels of risk factors, but this requires further investigation. Ongoing monitoring of stroke incidence and outcome should include separate reporting by ethnicity.

The good side after stroke: ipsilateral sensory-motor function needs careful assessment.

Twenty subjects were examined 4-6 weeks after stroke to establish whether a sensory-motor ipsilateral deficit occurs early after stroke. Each underwent a timed test of repetitive side-to-side movement of both the upper and lower limbs ipsilateral to the cerebral infarct, and an assessment of motor disability using the Motor Assessment Scale. Results were compared with a group studied almost a year after their stroke, and with 41 age-matched healthy volunteers. There was a significantly worse performance (p < 0.005) on the right ipsilateral side, but not the left ipsilateral side, compared with normal volunteers, a finding similar to that of a group previously studied about a year after the stroke. There was no relationship between the severity of the motor deficit and performance of the side, possibly owing to reduction in cerebral activation as a result of a right hemispheric lesion. These observations have importance in rehabilitation and education as well as practical skills, including driving a car and maintaining balance.

Inadequacy of clinical scoring systems to differentiate stroke subtypes in population-based studies.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We undertook to examine the usefulness for epidemiological studies of two well-known validated clinical scoring methods, the Guys' Hospital Stroke score and the Siriraj Hospital Stroke score, to classify strokes into the two main types, hemorrhagic and ischemic, in epidemiological studies. METHODS: Patients from a population-based stroke register who received either a CT scan or an autopsy were retrospectively scored using the two clinical scoring methods. The scores were then compared with the CT scan and autopsy results to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value for intracranial hemorrhage (primary intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage) and ischemic stroke. RESULTS: Over a 12-month period, 554 patients from a population-based study underwent CT scanning. Films or autopsy reports were available for 521 patients, and of these, sufficient clinical information to calculate the Guys' Hospital Stroke score and the Siriraj Hospital Stroke score was available for 464 and 475 patients, respectively. For the Guys' Hospital Stroke score, the sensitivity and specificity for intracranial hemorrhage were 31% and 95%, respectively; the positive predictive value was 73%. The sensitivity and specificity for ischemic stroke were 78% and 70%, respectively, and the positive predictive value was 86%. For the Siriraj Hospital Stroke score, the sensitivity and the specificity for intracranial hemorrhage were 48% and 85%, respectively; the positive predictive value was 59%. The sensitivity and specificity for ischemic stroke were 61% and 74%, respectively, and the positive predictive value was 84%. CONCLUSIONS: This validation study suggests that both clinical scores lack sufficient validity to be used in epidemiological studies for classification of stroke types and should probably not be used in the randomization of patients into treatment trials using thrombolytic or antithrombotic drugs in the absence of diagnostic information based on neuroimaging techniques.

Approaches to the problems of measuring the incidence of stroke: the Auckland Stroke Study, 1991-1992.

BACKGROUND: Stroke registers are the preferred choice for determining incidence, case-fatality and severity of acute stroke in defined populations. This paper highlights some of the problems likely to be encountered in this endeavour by describing the experience of measuring acute stroke prospectively. METHODS: The Auckland Stroke Study is a community-based study among 945,000 residents of the Auckland region, New Zealand. Standard definitions and overlapping case-finding methods were used to identify all new acute stroke events occurring during the 12-month period ending 1 March 1992. Particular attention was directed at including non-fatal strokes managed outside hospital. The latter were identified by use of a cluster sample, a technique suitable for populations where residents have a personal primary health care physician. RESULTS: The comprehensive sources of referral to the study involved the review of 5736 records, less than one-third of which met the criteria for inclusion. The majority of included acute stroke events (n = 1803) were found through routinely available sources such as hospital admission records (63%) and death registrations (10%). The remainder (27%) were identified through intensive efforts at case-finding of stroke events managed outside hospital. The 1803 events were registered in 1761 people, 817 men and 944 women; for 587 (72%) men and 718 (76%) women, the stroke was the first ever experienced. CONCLUSIONS: While time-consuming, costly and demanding, there appears to be no easier alternative to a register to estimate incidence. This study demonstrates the importance of the use of comprehensive case-finding sources and suggests approaches to overcoming the difficulties in monitoring stroke incidence in large populations.

Stroke incidence and case fatality in Australasia. A comparison of the Auckland and Perth population-based stroke registers.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Population-based studies are crucial for identifying explanations for the decline in mortality from stroke and for generating strategies for public health policy. However, the present particular methodological difficulties, and comparability between them is generally poor. In this article we compare the incidence and case fatality of stroke as assessed by two independent well-designed incidence studies. METHODS: Two registers of acute cerebrovascular events were compiled in the geographically defined metropolitan areas of Auckland, New Zealand (population 945,369), during 1991-1992 for 12 months and Perth, Australia (population 138,708), during 1989-1990 for 18 months. The protocols for each register included prospective ascertainment of cases using multiple overlapping sources and the application of standardized definitions and criteria for stroke and case fatality. RESULTS: In Auckland, 1803 events occurred in 1761 residents, 73% of which were first-ever strokes. The corresponding figures for Perth were 536 events in 492 residents, 69% of which were first-ever strokes. Both studies identified a substantial proportion of nonfatal strokes managed solely outside the hospital system: 28% in Auckland and 22% in Perth of all patients registered. The age-standardized annual incidence of stroke (all events) was 27% higher among men in Perth compared with Auckland (odds ratio, 1.27; P = .016); women tended to have higher rates in Auckland, although these differences were not statistically significant. In both centers approximately a quarter of all patients died within the first month after a stroke. There were significant differences in the prevalence of hypertension among first-ever strokes. CONCLUSIONS: These two studies emphasize the importance of identifying all patients with stroke, both hospitalized and nonhospitalized, in order to measure the incidence of stroke accurately. The incidence and case fatality of stroke were remarkably similar in Auckland and Perth in the early 1990s. However, there are differences in the sex-specific rates that correspond to differences in the pattern of risk factors.

Assessment for rest home subsidy: are the elderly getting a fair deal?

AIM: To describe the role of a geriatric service in assessing the needs of elderly people at home or in rest homes referred for a subsidy for rest home care, and to compare this assessment with the composite dependency scale (CDS), a Department of Social Welfare assessment instrument. METHODS: A 47 item questionnaire was completed by the geriatric service at the time of assessment of elderly people in the community or in rest homes. RESULTS: Of 280 assessments, 100 were from private homes, 180 from rest homes. Sixty-three per cent in rest homes were referred only because private funds were exhausted, 33% for a change in dependency category. These two groups plus those at home were used as a basis for comparison in subsequent analysis. Of those at home: 30% already had a rest home bed arranged; 77% remembered being consulted about rest home care, but only 38% were sure they wanted to go into such care. The proportion of those too independent or too sick for rest home care was: private homes 14%, rest home resident requiring subsidy 6%, rest home requiring change in category status 11%. Twenty three percent of those at home could continue there with or without additional support. No significant difference was found in dependency between those in rest homes only seeking funding, and those at home, but both of these groups were significantly less dependent than those seeking an increase in subsidy. There was only a moderate correlation (rs = 0.778) between the geriatric service assessment of dependency and the composite dependency score. CONCLUSIONS: Many elderly people do not feel properly consulted about rest home placement, and some could be supported at home for longer. It is likely that many who can afford rest home fees are entering too early and then asking for a subsidy when their funds are exhausted. By then it is almost impossible to insist on alternatives in the community. A policy of geriatric service assessment for all seeking entry into rest home care should ensure independent consultation and consideration of alternative strategies. More research is required to examine cost implications of unrestricted movement into rest homes.

Changes in stroke incidence and case-fatality in Auckland, New Zealand, 1981-91.

The explanation for the substantial decline in stroke death rates can be investigated only by measuring trends in stroke incidence and case-fatality. Two community-based studies carried out in Auckland, New Zealand, in 1981 and 1991 used comparable methods and definitions, met criteria for well-designed studies, and had the power to detect small changes in incidence and case-fatality rates. 703 events (representing 50% of all strokes) were registered in 1981 and 1735 events in 1991. 521 (74.1%) and 1255 (72.3%) events in 1981 and 1991, respectively, were first-ever (in a lifetime) strokes. Although there was no change in overall stroke incidence between 1981 and 1991, there were changes in age and sex groups. The incidence rate among women younger than 75 years rose by a fifth (rate ratio 1.23 [95% CI 1.04-1.47]), whereas that in men of 75 years and older fell by a third (rate ratio 0.67 [0.54-0.82]). The 28-day case-fatality declined from 27.1 (21.7-32.6)% to 21.9 (18.1-25.7)% in men and from 37.6 (31.8-43.5)% to 25.8 (22.3-29.4)% in women from 1981 to 1991, but the decline was not statistically significant in any age or sex group. These findings suggest that we need to reappraise strategies for the prevention of stroke and assess the implications of improved survival in elderly stroke patients.

Young disabled residents in old people's homes.

A survey of the status of residents in aged care facilities in the Auckland region conducted in 1988 indicated that almost 9% (645) of the 7516 people studied were under 65 years of age. Rates were markedly higher for people of Maori descent than for those of European descent in this age group. For nonMaori, the rate for men was higher than that for women, but for Maori the opposite was the case. The majority of these young residents (94%) were being cared for in commercial old people's homes. One half were cared for in just 29 of the 223 homes in the region. While most (59%) were admitted after the age of 50, 15% were admitted before they were 40 and must expect to liver their lives out in institutions primarily housing elderly residents. Almost half of those in old people's homes had been admitted from a psychiatric hospital. The authors are concerned that so many young people appear to be in old people's homes because of a lack of alternative accommodation which is more suited to their care.

Functional disability in residents of Auckland rest homes.

OBJECT: to measure the extent of disability in residents of Auckland rest homes and to document any differences between religious and welfare homes and commercial homes. METHODS: analysis of a 36 item questionnaire on 2087 residents in 32 religious and welfare homes and 3126 residents in 191 commercial homes (98.7% response rate). RESULTS: residents in commercial homes were significantly more disabled than those in religious and welfare homes: 24% compared with 12% were incontinent, 62% and 31% confused, and 78% and 49% respectively needed assistance with mobility and selfcare. Of special concern were 7% and 3% who were doubly incontinent, 7% and 2% confused to the point of disturbing other residents, and 4% and 2% who met the criteria for hospital care. CONCLUSIONS: a significant number of residents were disabled and required help in important aspects of simple self care. Informed advice, variety, and choice in type of care are mandatory before entering a rest home. Homes must employ trained staff who can identify and minimise problems so as to ensure optimal quality of life for residents.